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Visible Learning™
Visible Learning MetaX™
Version 1.4 – Updated February 2026

Conjoint reading programs

Overview

  • Influence: Conjoint reading programs
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Reading, writing and the arts
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to accelerate
  • Influence Definition: These programs are about the influence that focusing on reading has on other curricula content, and the effect of writing on reading.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 7
  • Number of studies: 200
  • Number of students: 8,257
  • Number of effects: 243
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.46
  • Robustness index: 3

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Journal of Learning Disabilities Swanson, Hairrell, Kent, Ciullo, Wanzek & Vaughn A synthesis and meta-analysis of reading interventions using social studies content for students with learning disabilities 2014 Teaching Reading through Social Studies 24 NA 27 1.02
Journal of Aesthetic Education Berger & Winner Instruction in visual art: Can it help children learn to read? 2000 Visual arts programs on reading 9 378 9 0.10
Reading Research Quarterly Graham, Liu, Bartlett, Ng, Harris, Aitken, Barkel, Kavanaugh, & Talukdar Effectiveness of literacy programs balancing reading and writing instruction: A meta-analysis.  2018 Writing on reading 54 5,018 54 0.57
Reading and Writing Hebert, Gillespie & Graham Comparing effects of different writing activities on reading comprehension: A meta-analysis.  2013 Writing on reading 19 NA 21 0.13
Educational Psychologist Guthrie, McRae, & Klauda Contributions of concept-oriented reading instruction to knowledge about interventions for motivations in reading. 2007 Concept-oriented reading program 7 2,861 45 0.87
Reading Research Quarterly Graham, Liu, Aitken, Bartlett, Harris, & Holzapfel Effectiveness of Literacy Programs Balancing Reading and Writing Instruction: A Meta-Analysis 2018 Balance reading & writing programs on reading 38 NA 38 0.33
Educational Psychology Review McBreen & Savage The impact of motivational reading instruction on the reading achievement and motivation of students: A systematic review and meta-analysis 2021 Motivational reading programs 49 NA 49 0.30
TOTAL/AVERAGE 200 8,257 243 0.47
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