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Version 1.3 – Updated November 2024

Visual perception programs

Overview

  • Influence: Visual perception programs
  • Domain: Curricula
  • Sub-Domain: Reading, writing and the arts
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Potential to considerably accelerate
  • Influence Definition: Programs aimed to enable students to make sense of and develop interest in what they are seeing. It involves developing skills of visual discrimination, visual memory, figure ground perspective, and visual closure.

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 9
  • Number of studies: 830
  • Number of students: 394,194
  • Number of effects: 5,564
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.67
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author First Author's Country Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Perceptual and Motor Skills Kavale USA Auditory-Visual Integration and its Relationship to Reading Achievement: A Meta-Analysis 1980 Auditory-visual integration 31 4,400 101 0.70
Journal of Learning Disabilities Kavale USA The Relationship Between Auditory Perceptual Skills and Reading Ability: A Meta-Analysis 1981 Auditory perception 106 0 723 0.77
Journal of Learning Disabilities Kavale USA Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Visual Perceptual Skills and Reading Achievement 1982 Visual perceptual skills in reading 161 325,000 1,571 0.81
The Exceptional Child Kavale USA A meta-analytic evaluation of the Frostig test and training program 1984 Frostig developmental training in reading 59 0 173 0.09
Conference Sencibaugh USA Meta-analysis of reading comprehension interventions for students with learning disabilities: strategies and implications 2005 Visual or auditory programs to improve comprehension 15 538 23 1.15
The Exceptional Child Kavale USA A meta-analytic evaluation of the Frostig test and training program 1984 Visual perceptual skills 59 0 173 0.18
Learning Disability Quarterly Kavale & Forness USA Auditory and visual perception processes and reading ability: A quantitative reanalysis and historical reinterpretation 2000 Auditory-visual processes 267 50,000 2,294 0.76
The Exceptional Child Kavale USA Psycholinguistic training programs: Are there differential treatment effects? 1982 Psycholinguistic training 36 0 240 0.38
Educational Research Review Khatib, Geary, & Popov USA Meta-analysis on the relation between visuomotor integration and academic achievement: Role of educational stage and disability.  2021 Visuomotor integration 96 14,256 266 0.75
TOTAL/AVERAGE 830 394,194 5,564 0.62
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