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Version 1.3 – Updated November 2024

Gender (male-female)

Overview

  • Influence: Gender (male-female)
  • Domain: Student
  • Sub-Domain: Physical influences
  • Potential to Accelerate Student Achievement: Likely to have a small positive impact
  • Influence Definition: The difference for males and females (in all cases, regardless of the direction in the original meta-analysis, all are converted to male-female effects).

Evidence

  • Number of meta-analyses: 17
  • Number of studies: 1,320
  • Number of students: 18,474,009
  • Number of effects: 3,218
  • Weighted mean effect size: 0.02
  • Robustness index: 5

Meta-Analyses

Meta-Analyses
Journal Title Author First Author's Country Article Name Year Published Variable Number of Studies Number of Students Number of Effects Effect Size
Conference paper Hansford & Hattie Australia Designing and implementing a meta-analysis 1980 Gender and achievement 72 0 503 -0.02
Child Development Meehan USA A meta-analysis of sex differences in formal operational thought 1984 Formal operations and gender 53 0 160 0.14
Journal of Educational Psychology Johnson USA Sex differences in problem solving 1984 Gender in problem solving 9 0 9 0.45
Child Development Linn & Peterson USA Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis 1985 Spatial achievement and gender 172 0 263 0.40
Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Born, Bleichrodt & Van der Flier Netherlands Cross-cultural comparison of sex-related differences on intelligence tests: A meta-analysis 1987 Gender in intelligence 17 0 772 0.08
Psychological Bulletin Hyde, Fennema & Lamon USA Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis 1990 Gender and cognitive achievement 100 3,217,489 259 0.20
Dissertation DeBaz USA Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Students' Characteristics and Achievement and Attitudes toward Science. 1994 Gender and achievement 67 7,026 9 0.26
Report Tohidi, Steinkamp & Maehr USA Gender differences in performance on tests of cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis of research findings 1986 Cognitive functioning and gender 70 0 70 0.32
Perceptual and Motor Skills Stumpf & Klieme Germany Sex-related differences in spatial ability: more evidence for convergence 1989 Spatial achievement and gender 18 171,824 18 0.48
Early Childhood Research Quarterly Magnuson, Kelchen, Duncan, Schindler, Shager, &Yoshikawa USA Do The Effects of Early Childhood Programs on Academic Outcomes Vary by Gender? A Meta-Analysis 2016 Early childhood programs 21 0 23 0.10
Journal of Educational Psychology Fischer, Schult, & Hell Germany Sex-specific differential prediction of college admission tests: A meta-analysis 2013 Sex on college admission performance 130 493,048 130 -0.24
Psychological Bulletin Voyer & Voyer Canada Gender Differences in Scholastic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis 2014 Gender on achievement 369 1,134,042 502 -0.23
Psychological Bulletin Else-Quest, Hyde, & Linn USA Cross-national patterns of gender differences in mathematics: a meta-analysis 2010 Gender in PISA and TiMMS 69 493,495 86 -0.01
Journal of Educational Psychology Keller, Preckel, Eccles, & Brunner Germany Top-Performing Math Students in 82 Countries: A Meta-Analysis of Gender Differences in Achievement, Achievement Profiles, and Achievement Motivation. 2020 PISA math, reading, science 82 2,280,502 343 -0.06
Educational Psychology Review Petersen USA Gender difference in verbal performance: A meta-analysis of United States state performance assessments. 2018 Sex in verbal achievement 16 10,000,000 16 -0.29
International Review of Public Administration Ouma & Nam Korea A meta-analysis of gender gap in student achievement in African countries. 2015 Gender across Africa 35 105,121 35 0.00
Education Sciences Nunes, Oliveira, Santini, Castelli, & Cruz-Jesus Portugal A weight and meta-analysis on the academic achievement of high school students. 2022 Gender 20 571,462 20 0.04
TOTAL/AVERAGE 1,320 18,474,009 3,218 0.10
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